Nucleic acid modifying enzymes

ABSTRACT

This invention provides for an improved generation of novel nucleic acid modifying enzymes. The improvement is the fusion of a sequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domain to the enzyme in a manner that enhances the ability of the enzyme to bind and catalytically modify the nucleic acid.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/058,044, filed Oct. 18, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/850,048, filed Mar. 25, 2013, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/047,638, filed Mar. 14,2011, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/256,705,filed Sep. 27, 2002 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,296, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/640,958, filed Aug. 16,2000 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,424, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/207,567 filed May 26, 2000, thedisclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAMLISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII TEXT FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file—1-5_SEQTXT.TXT, created on Oct. 18,2013, 50,330 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system,is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides for an improved generation of novel nucleic acidmodifying enzymes. The improvement is the joining of asequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domain to the enzyme in amanner that enhances the ability of the enzyme to bind and catalyticallymodify the nucleic acid.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The efficiency of a nucleic acid modifying enzyme, i.e., the amount ofmodified product generated by the enzyme per binding event, can beenhanced by increasing the stability of the modifying enzyme/nucleicacid complex. The prior art has suggested that attachment of a highprobability binding site, e.g., a positively charged binding tail, to anucleic acid modifying enzyme can increase the frequency with which themodifying enzyme interacts with the nucleic acid (see, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,474,911). The present invention now provides novel modifyingenzymes in which the double-stranded conformation of the nucleic acid isstabilized and the efficiency of the enzyme increased by joining asequence-non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain to theenzyme, or its catalytic domain. The modifying proteins that areprocessive in nature exhibit increased processivity when joined to abinding domain compared to the enzyme alone. Moreover, both processiveand non-processive modifying enzymes exhibit increased efficiency athigher temperatures when joined to a typical binding domain describedherein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a protein consisting of at least twoheterologous domains wherein a first domain that is asequence-non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain isjoined to a second domain that is a catalytic nucleic acid modifyingdomain having a processive nature, where the presence of thesequence-non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domainenhances the processive nature of the nucleic acid modifying domaincompared to an identical protein not having a sequence-non-specificnucleic acid binding domain joined thereto. In one aspect of theinvention, the nucleic acid modifying domain can have a polymeraseactivity, which can be thermally stable, e.g., a Thermus polymerasedomain. In alternative embodiments, the catalytic domain is an RNApolymerase, a reverse transcriptase, a methylase, a 3′ or 5′exonuclease, a gyrase, or a topoisomerase.

In a particular embodiment, a sequence-non-specific nucleic acid bindingdomain of the protein can specifically bind to polyclonal antibodiesgenerated against Sac7d or Sso7d. Alternatively, thesequence-non-specific nucleic acid binding domain can contain a 50 aminoacid subsequence that has 50% amino acid similarity to Sso7d. Thenucleic acid binding domain can also be Sso7d.

In another embodiment, a protein of the invention contains asequence-non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain thatspecifically binds to polyclonal antibodies generated against a PCNAhomolog of Pyrococcus furiosus, or can be a PCNA homolog of Pyrococcusfuriosus.

The invention also provides a protein consisting of at least twoheterologous domains, wherein a first domain that is asequence-non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain isjoined to a second domain that is a catalytic nucleic-acid-modifyingdomain, where the presence of the sequence-non-specific nucleic-acidbinding domain stabilizes the double-stranded conformation of a nucleicacid by at least 1° C. compared to an identical protein not having asequence-non-specific nucleic acid binding domain joined thereto. Thenucleic acid modifying domain of such a protein can have polymeraseactivity, which can be thermally stable. The nucleic-acid-modifyingdomain can also have RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, methylase,3′ or 5′ exonuclease, gyrase, or topoisomerase activity.

In further embodiments, the sequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-bindingdomain can specifically bind to polyclonal antibodies generated againsteither Sac7d or Sso7d, frequently Sso7d, or contains a 50 amino acidsubsequence containing 50% or 75% amino acid similarity to Sso7d. Often,the sequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domain is Sso7d.

Proteins of the invention include a protein wherein thesequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domain specifically binds topolyclonal antibodies generated against the PCNA homolog of Pyrococcusfuriosus; often the binding domain is the PCNA homolog of Pyrococcusfuriosus.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of modifying nucleicacids using the proteins. One embodiment is a method of modifying anucleic acid in an aqueous solution by: (i) contacting the nucleic acidwith a protein comprising at least two heterologous domains, wherein afirst domain that is a sequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domainis joined to a second domain that is a catalytic nucleic-acid-modifyingdomain having a processive nature, where the sequence-non-specificnucleic-acid-binding domain: a. binds to double-stranded nucleic acid,and b. enhances the processivity of the enzyme compared to an identicalenzyme not having the sequence non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domainfused to it, and wherein the solution is at a temperature and of acomposition that permits the binding domain to bind to the nucleic acidand the enzyme to function in a catalytic manner; and (ii) permittingthe catalytic domain to modify the nucleic acid in the solution.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying anucleic acid by: (i) contacting the nucleic acid with an aqueoussolution containing a protein having at least two heterologous domains,wherein a first domain that is a sequence-non-specific double-strandednucleic-acid-binding domain is joined to a second domain that is acatalytic nucleic-acid-modifying domain, where the presence of thesequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domain stabilizes theformation of a double-stranded nucleic acid compared to an otherwiseidentical protein not having the sequence-non-specificnucleic-acid-binding domain joined to it; and, wherein the solution isat a temperature and of a composition that permits the binding domain tobind to the nucleic acid and the enzyme to function in a catalyticmanner; and (ii) permitting the catalytic domain to modify the nucleicacid in the solution. The methods of modifying a nucleic acid can employany of the protein embodiments described herein.

DEFINITIONS

“Archaeal small basic DNA-binding protein” refers to protein of between50-75 amino acids having either 50% homology to a natural Archaeal smallbasic DNA-binding protein such as Sso-7d from Sulfolobus sulfataricus orbinds to antibodies generated against a native Archaeal small basicDNA-binding protein.

“Catalytic nucleic-acid-modifying domains having a processive nature”refers to a protein sequence or subsequence that performs as an enzymehaving the ability to slide along the length of a nucleic acid moleculeand chemically alter its structure repeatedly. A catalytic domain caninclude an entire enzyme, a subsequence thereof, or can includeadditional amino acid sequences that are not attached to the enzyme orsubsequence as found in nature.

“Domain” refers to a unit of a protein or protein complex, comprising apolypeptide subsequence, a complete polypeptide sequence, or a pluralityof polypeptide sequences where that unit has a defined function. Thefunction is understood to be broadly defined and can be ligand binding,catalytic activity or can have a stabilizing effect on the structure ofthe protein.

“Efficiency” in the context of a nucleic acid modifying enzyme of thisinvention refers to the ability of the enzyme to perform its catalyticfunction under specific reaction conditions.

Typically, “efficiency” as defined herein is indicated by the amount ofmodified bases generated by the modifying enzyme per binding to anucleic acid.

“Enhances” in the context of an enzyme refers to improving the activityof the enzyme, i.e., increasing the amount of product per unit enzymeper unit time.

“Fused” refers to linkage by covalent bonding.

“Heterologous”, when used with reference to portions of a protein,indicates that the protein comprises two or more domains that are notfound in the same relationship to each other in nature. Such a protein,e.g., a fusion protein, contains two or more domains from unrelatedproteins arranged to make a new functional protein.

“Join” refers to any method known in the art for functionally connectingprotein domains, including without limitation recombinant fusion with orwithout intervening domains, intein-mediated fusion, non-covalentassociation, and covalent bonding, including disulfide bonding; hydrogenbonding; electrostatic bonding; and conformational bonding, e.g.,antibody-antigen, and biotin-avidin associations.

“Methylase” refers to an enzyme that can modify a nucleic acid by theaddition of a methyl group to a nucleotide.

“Nuclease” refers to an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiesterbonds between nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.

“Nucleic-acid-modifying enzyme” refers to an enzyme that covalentlyalters a nucleic acid.

“Polymerase” refers to an enzyme that performs template-directedsynthesis of polynucleotides.

“Processivity” refers to the ability of a nucleic acid modifying enzymeto remain attached to the template or substrate and perform multiplemodification reactions. Typically “processivity” refers to the abilityto modify relatively long tracts of nucleic acid.

“Restriction Endonuclease” refers to any of a group of enzymes, producedby bacteria, that cleave molecules of DNA internally at specific basesequences.

“Sequence-non-specific nucleic-acid-binding domain” refers to a proteindomain which binds with significant affinity to a nucleic acid, forwhich there is no known nucleic acid which binds to the protein domainwith more than 100-fold more affinity than another nucleic acid with thesame nucleotide composition but a different nucleotide sequence.

“Thermally stable polymerase” as used herein refers to any enzyme thatcatalyzes polynucleotide synthesis by addition of nucleotide units to anucleotide chain using DNA or RNA as a template and has an optimalactivity at a temperature above 45° C.

“Thermus polymerase” refers to a family A DNA polymerase isolated fromany Thermus species, including without limitation Thermus aquaticus,Thermus brockianus, and Thermus thermophilus; any recombinant enzymesderiving from Thermus species, and any functional derivatives thereof,whether derived by genetic modification or chemical modification orother methods known in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C show the results of PCR amplification reactionsperformed using primers of different lengths to compare the efficiencyof Sso7d-modified polymerase with the unmodified full-length polymerase.FIG. 1A: PCR amplification with a 22 nt forward primer; FIG. 1B: PCRamplification with a 15 nt primer; FIG. 1C: PCR amplification with a 12nt primer.

FIG. 2 shows the results of a PCR amplification reaction using a 12 ntforward primer to evaluate the PCR products generated using Sac7d-ΔTaqcompared to Taq.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is the discovery that sequence-non-specificdouble-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins can be joined to catalyticnucleic acid modifying proteins to enhance the processive nature of thecatalytic protein. While the prior art taught that nucleic acid bindingproteins can increase the binding affinity of enzymes to nucleic acid,the group of binding proteins having the ability to enhance theprocessive nature of the enzymes is of particular value. Not to be boundby theory, binding domains of the invention typically dissociate fromdouble-stranded nucleic acid at a very slow rate. Thus, they increasethe processivity and/or efficiency of a modifying enzyme to which theyare joined by stablizing the enzyme-nucleic acid complex. Accordingly,this invention includes the discovery that DNA-binding domains canstabilize the double-stranded conformation of a nucleic acid andincrease the efficiency of a catalytic domain that requires adouble-stranded substrate. Described herein are examples and simpleassays to readily determine the improvement to the catalytic and/orprocessive nature of catalytic nucleic acid modifying enzymes.

Catalytic Nucleic-Acid-Modifying Domain

A catalytic nucleic-acid-modifying domain is the region of amodification enzyme that performs the enzymatic function. The catalyticnucleic-acid modifying domains of the invention can be processive, e.g.,polymerase, exonuclease, etc., or non-processive, e.g., ligases,restriction endonucleases, etc.

Processivity reflects the ability of a nucleic acid modifying enzyme tosynthesize or perform multiple modifications, e.g., nucleotide additionsor methylations, in a single binding event. The processive proteins ofthe present invention exhibit enhanced processivity due to the presenceof a sequence-non-specific double-stranded DNA binding domain that isjoined to the processive modifying enzyme (or the enzymatic domain ofthe modifying enzyme), thereby providing a tethering domain to stabilizethe nucleic acid/enzyme complex. Often the binding domain is from athermostable organism and provides enhanced activity at highertemperatures, e.g., temperatures above 45° C. Examples of processivemodifying enzymes include DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, reversetranscriptases, methylases, 3′ or 5′ exonucleases, gyrases, andtopoisomerase.

DNA Polymerases are well-known to those skilled in the art. Theseinclude both DNA-dependent polymerases and RNA-dependent polymerasessuch as reverse transcriptase. At least five families of DNA-dependentDNA polymerases are known, although most fall into families A, B and C.There is little or no structural or sequence similarity among thevarious families. Most family A polymerases are single chain proteinsthat can contain multiple enzymatic functions including polymerase, 3′to 5′ exonuclease activity and 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity. Family Bpolymerases typically have a single catalytic domain with polymerase and3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity, as well as accessory factors. Family Cpolymerases are typically multi-subunit proteins with polymerizing and3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity. In E. coli, three types of DNApolymerases have been found, DNA polymerases I (family A), II (familyB), and III (family C). In eukaryotic cells, three different family Bpolymerases, DNA polymerases α, δ, and δ, are implicated in nuclearreplication, and a family A polymerase, polymerase γ, is used formitochondrial DNA replication. Other types of DNA polymerases includephage polymerases.

Similarly, RNA polymerase typically include eukaryotic RNA polymerasesI, II, and III, and bacterial RNA polymerases as well as phage and viralpolymerases. RNA polymerases can be DNA-dependent and RNA-dependent.

Typically, DNA gyrases and topoisomerases play a role in higher ordersof DNA structures such as supercoiling. DNA gyrases introduce negativesupercoils. In prokaryotes, the A subunit is responsible for DNA cuttingand reunion and the B subunit contains the ATP-hydrolysis activity. DNAgyrase introduces supercoiling processively and catalytically, typicallyintroducing up to 100 supercoils per minute per molecule of DNA gyrase.In the absence of ATP, gyrase will slowly relax negative supercoils.

Topoisomerases are enzymes found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes thatcatalyze the interconversion of different topological isomers of DNA,thereby causing a change in the link number. Topoisomerases can removenegative or positive supercoils from DNA or can introduce negativesupercoils.

A variety of methylases and 3′ or 5′ exonucleases are also described inthe art including bacterial, prokaryotic, eukaryotic and phage enzymes.Typically, exonucleases, such as lambda exonuclease, and some methylasesare also processive.

The activity of a catalytic subunit can be measured using assays wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example, a processive enzymaticactivity, such as a polymerase activity, can be measured by determiningthe amount of nucleic acid synthesized in a reaction, such as apolymerase chain reaction. In determining the relative efficiency of theenzyme, the amount of product obtained with a modifying enzyme of theinvention, e.g. a polymerase containing a sequence-non-specificdouble-stranded DNA binding domain, can then be compared to the amountof product obtained with the normal modifying enzyme, which will bedescribed in more detail below and in the Examples.

Modifying enzymes such as ligases or restriction endonucleases bind todouble-stranded nucleic acids to perform the modifying function. Thecatalytic activity is typically measured by determining the amount ofmodified product produced under particular assay conditions. Forexample, ligase activity can be assayed by determining the amount ofcircularized plasmid, which had previously been digested with arestriction endonuclease to generate compatible ends, in a ligationreaction following incubation by quantifying the number of transformantsobtained with an aliquot of the ligation reaction. Activity of arestriction endonuclease can be determined by assaying the extent ofdigestion of the target DNA, for example, by analyzing the extent ofdigestion of the DNA on a gel.

A catalytic modifying domain suitable for use in the invention can bethe modifying enzyme itself or the catalytic modifying domain, e.g., Taqpolymerase or a domain of Taq with polymerase activity. The catalyticdomain may include additional amino acids and/or may be a variant thatcontains amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions, but stillretains enzymatic activity.

Sequence-Non-Specific Nucleic-Acid-Binding Domain

A double-stranded sequence-non-specific nucleic acid binding domain is aprotein or defined region of a protein that binds to double-strandednucleic acid in a sequence-independent manner, i.e., binding does notexhibit a gross preference for a particular sequence. Typically,double-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins exhibit a 10-fold orhigher affinity for double-stranded versus single-stranded nucleicacids. The double-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins in particularembodiments of the invention are preferably thermostable. Examples ofsuch proteins include, but are not limited to, the Archaeal small basicDNA binding proteins Sac7d and Sso7d (see, e.g., Choli et al.,Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 950:193-203, 1988; Baumann et al.,Structural Biol. 1:808-819, 1994; and Gao et al, Nature Struc. Biol.5:782-786, 1998), Archael HMf-like proteins (see, e.g., Starich et al.,J. Molec. Biol. 255:187-203, 1996; Sandman et al., Gene 150:207-208,1994), and PCNA homologs (see, e.g., Cann et al., J. Bacteriology181:6591-6599, 1999; Shamoo and Steitz, Cell: 99, 155-166, 1999; DeFelice et al., J. Molec. Biol. 291, 47-57, 1999; and Zhang et al.,Biochemistry 34:10703-10712, 1995).

Sso7d and Sac7d

Sso7d and Sac7d are small (about 7,000 kd MW), basic chromosomalproteins from the hyperthermophilic archaeabacteria Sulfolobussolfataricus and S. acidocaldarius, respectively. These proteins arelysine-rich and have high thermal, acid and chemical stability. Theybind DNA in a sequence-independent manner and when bound, increase theT_(M) of DNA by up to 40° C. under some conditions (McAfee et al.,Biochemistry 34:10063-10077, 1995). These proteins and their homologsare typically believed to be involved in stabilizing genomic DNA atelevated temperatures.

HMF-Like Proteins

The HMf-like proteins are archaeal histones that share homology both inamino acid sequences and in structure with eukaryotic H4 histones, whichare thought to interact directly with DNA. The HMf family of proteinsform stable dimers in solution, and several HMf homologs have beenidentified from thermostable species (e.g., Methanothermus fervidus andPyrococcus strain GB-3a). The HMf family of proteins, once joined to TaqDNA polymerase or any DNA modifying enzyme with a low intrinsicprocessivity, can enhance the ability of the enzyme to slide along theDNA substrate and thus increase its processivity. For example, thedimeric HMf-like protein can be covalently linked to the N terminus ofTaq DNA polymerase, e.g., via chemical modification, and thus improvethe processivity of the polymerase.

PCNA Homologs

Many but not all family B DNA polymerases interact with accessoryproteins to achieve highly processive DNA synthesis. A particularlyimportant class of accessory proteins is referred to as the slidingclamp. Several characterized sliding clamps exist as trimers insolution, and can form a ring-like structure with a central passagecapable of accommodating double-stranded DNA. The sliding clamp formsspecific interactions with the amino acids located at the C terminus ofparticular DNA polymerases, and tethers those polymerases to the DNAtemplate during replication. The sliding clamp in eukarya is referred toas the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), while similar proteinsin other domains are often referred to as PCNA homologs. These homologshave marked structural similarity but limited sequence similarity.

Recently, PCNA homologs have been identified from thermophilic Archaea(e.g., Sulfalobus sofataricus, Pyroccocus furiosus, etc.). Some family Bpolymerases in Archaea have a C terminus containing a consensusPCNA-interacting amino acid sequence and are capable of using a PCNAhomolog as a processivity factor (see, e.g., Cann et al., J. Bacteriol.181:6591-6599, 1999 and De Felice et al., J. Mol. Biol. 291:47-57,1999). These PCNA homologs are useful sequence-non-specificdouble-stranded DNA binding domains for the invention. For example, aconsensus PCNA-interacting sequence can be joined to a polymerase thatdoes not naturally interact with a PCNA homolog, thereby allowing a PCNAhomolog to serve as a processivity factor for the polymerase. By way ofillustration, the PCNA-interacting sequence from Pyrococcus furiosusPolII (a heterodimeric DNA polymerase containing two family B-likepolypeptides) can be covalently joined to Pyrococcus furiosus Poll (amonomeric family B polymerase that does not normally interact with aPCNA homolog). The resulting fusion protein can then be allowed toassociate non-covalently with the Pyrococcus furiosus PCNA homolog togenerate a novel heterologous protein with increased processivityrelative to the unmodified Pyrococcus furiosus Poll.

Other Sequence-Nonspecific Double-Stranded Nucleic Acid Binding Domains

Additional nucleic acid binding domains suitable for use in theinvention can be identified by homology with known sequence non-specificdouble-stranded DNA binding proteins and/or by antibody crossreactivity,or may be found by means of a biochemical assay.

Identification of Nucleic Acid Binding Domains Based on Homology.

Typically, domains that have about 50% amino acid sequence identity,optionally about 60%, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 95-98% amino acid sequenceidentity to a known sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acidbinding protein over a comparison window of about 25 amino acids,optionally about 50-100 amino acids, or the length of the entireprotein, can be used in the invention. The sequence can be compared andaligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, ordesignated region as measured using one of the following sequencecomparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Forpurposes of this patent, percent amino acid identity is determined bythe default parameters of BLAST.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a referencesequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequencecomparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into acomputer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, andsequence algorithm program parameters are designated. Default programparameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated. Thesequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequenceidentities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence,based on the program parameters.

The comparison window includes reference to a segment of any one of thenumber of contiguous positions selected from the group consisting offrom 20 to 600, usually about 50 to about 200, more usually about 100 toabout 150 in which a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence ofthe same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences areoptimally aligned. Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison arewell-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison canbe conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman,Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm ofNeedleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search forsimilarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms(GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics SoftwarePackage, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or bymanual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds. 1995 supplement)).

One example of a useful algorithm is PILEUP. PILEUP creates a multiplesequence alignment from a group of related sequences using progressive,pair-wise alignments to show relationship and percent sequence identity.It also plots a tree or dendogram showing the clustering relationshipsused to create the alignment. PILEUP uses a simplification of theprogressive alignment method of Feng & Doolittle, J. Mol. Evol.35:351-360 (1987). The method used is similar to the method described byHiggins & Sharp, CABIOS 5:151-153 (1989). The program can align up to300 sequences, each of a maximum length of 5,000 nucleotides or aminoacids. The multiple alignment procedure begins with the pair-wisealignment of the two most similar sequences, producing a cluster of twoaligned sequences. This cluster is then aligned to the next most relatedsequence or cluster of aligned sequences. Two clusters of sequences arealigned by a simple extension of the pair-wise alignment of twoindividual sequences. The final alignment is achieved by a series ofprogressive, pair-wise alignments. The program is run by designatingspecific sequences and their amino acid or nucleotide coordinates forregions of sequence comparison and by designating the programparameters. Using PILEUP, a reference sequence is compared to other testsequences to determine the percent sequence identity relationship usingthe following parameters: default gap weight (3.00), default gap lengthweight (0.10), and weighted end gaps. PILEUP can be obtained from theGCG sequence analysis software package, e.g., version 7.0 (Devereaux etal., Nuc. Acids Res. 12:387-395 (1984)).

Another example of algorithm that is suitable for determining percentsequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al., Nuc. Acids Res.25:3389-3402 (1977) and Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410(1990), respectively. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publiclyavailable through the National Center for Biotechnology Information(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). This algorithm involves firstidentifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying shortwords of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfysome positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of thesame length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhoodword score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initialneighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to findlonger HSPs containing them. The word hits are extended in bothdirections along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignmentscore can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, fornucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair ofmatching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatchingresidues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is usedto calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in eachdirection are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off bythe quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative scoregoes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or morenegative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence isreached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine thesensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (fornucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, anexpectation (E) or 10, M=5, N=−4 and a comparison of both strands. Foramino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlengthof 3, and expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (seeHenikoff & Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915 (1989))alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4, and a comparisonof both strands.

The BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of thesimilarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc.Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarityprovided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)),which provides an indication of the probability by which a match betweentwo nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. Forexample, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence ifthe smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid tothe reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.2, more preferably lessthan about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

Cross-Reactive Binding to Antibodies

Sequence non-specific doubled-stranded nucleic acid binding domains foruse in the invention can also be identified by cross-reactivity usingantibodies, preferably polyclonal antibodies, that bind to known nucleicacid binding domains. Polyclonal antibodies are generated using methodswell known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., Coligan,Current Protocols in Immunology (1991); Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, ALaboratory Manual (1988)). Those proteins that are immunologicallycross-reactive binding proteins can then be detected by a variety ofassay methods. For descriptions of various formats and conditions thatcan be used, see, e.g., Methods in Cell Biology: Antibodies in CellBiology, volume 37 (Asai, ed. 1993), Coligan, supra, and Harlow & Lane,supra.

Useful immunoassay formats include assays where a sample protein isimmobilized to a solid support. For example, a cross-reactive bindingprotein can be identified using an immunoblot analysis such as a westernblot. The western blot technique generally comprises separating sampleproteins by gel electrophoresis on the basis of molecular weight,transferring the separated proteins to a suitable solid support, (suchas a nitrocellulose filter, a nylon filter, or derivatized nylonfilter), and incubating the sample with the antibodies that bind to thesequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain. Theantibodies specifically bind to cross-reactive polypeptides on the solidsupport. The antibodies may be directly labeled or alternatively may besubsequently detected using labeled antibodies (e.g., labeled sheepanti-mouse antibodies) that specifically bind to the anti-binding domainantibodies. Other immunoblot assays, such as analysis of recombinantprotein libraries, are also useful for identifying proteins suitable foruse in the invention.

Using this methodology under designated immunoassay conditions,immunologically cross-reactive proteins that bind to a particularantibody at least two times the background or more, typically more than10 times background, and do not substantially bind in a significantamount to other proteins present in the sample can be identified.

Immunoassays in the competitive binding format can also be used forcrossreactivity determinations. For example, polyclonal antisera aregenerated to a known, sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acidbinding domain protein, e.g., a Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) PCNA. Thetarget antigen can then be immobilized to a solid support. Non-targetantigens having minor crossreactivity (if they exist) can be added tothe assay to improve the selectivity of the sera. The ability of theadded proteins to compete for binding of the antisera to the immobilizedprotein is compared to the ability of the binding domain protein, inthis example Pfu PCNA, to compete with itself. The percentcrossreactivity for the above proteins is calculated, using standardcalculations. Those antisera with less than 10% crossreactivity with theadded protein are selected and pooled. Cross-reacting antibodies tonon-target antigens can also be removed from the pooled antisera byimmunoabsorption with the non-target antigens. Antibodies thatspecifically bind to particular nucleic acid binding domains of theinvention can also be made using this methodology.

The immunoabsorbed and pooled antisera are then used in a competitivebinding immunoassay as described above to compare a second protein,thought to be perhaps an allele, polymorphic variant or a homolog of theknown binding domain, for example, a PCNA homolog from anotherPyrococcus sp., to the immunogen protein. In order to make thiscomparison, the two proteins are each assayed at a wide range ofconcentrations and the amount of each protein required to inhibit 50% ofthe binding of the antisera to the immobilized protein is determined. Ifthe amount of the second protein required to inhibit 50% of binding isless than 10 times the amount of the nucleic acid binding domain proteinthat is required to inhibit 50% of binding, then the second protein issaid to specifically bind to the polyclonal antibodies generated to thenucleic acid binding domain immunogen.

Assays for Sequence Non-Specific Double-Stranded Nucleic Acid BindingActivity

The activity of the sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acidbinding domains can be assessed using a variety of assays. Suitablebinding domains exhibit a marked preference for double-stranded vs.single-stranded nucleic acids.

Specificity for binding to double-stranded nucleic acids can be testedusing a variety of assays known to those of ordinary skill in the art.These include such assays as filter binding assays or gel-shift assays.For example, in a filter-binding assay the polypeptide to be assessedfor binding activity to double-stranded DNA is pre-mixed withradio-labeled DNA, either double-stranded or single-stranded, in theappropriate buffer. The mixture is filtered through a membrane (e.g.,nitrocellulose) which retains the protein and the protein-DNA complex.The amount of DNA that is retained on the filter is indicative of thequantity that bound to the protein. Binding can be quantified by acompetition analysis in which binding of labeled DNA is competed by theaddition of increasing amounts of unlabelled DNA. A polypeptide thatbinds double-stranded DNA at a 10-fold or greater affinity thansingle-stranded DNA is defined herein as a double-stranded DNA bindingprotein. Alternatively, binding activity can be assessed by a gel shiftassay in which radiolabeled DNA is incubated with the test polypeptide.The protein-DNA complex will migrate slower through the gel than unboundDNA, resulting in a shifted band. The amount of binding is assessed byincubating samples with increasing amounts of double-stranded orsingle-stranded unlabeled DNA, and quantifying the amount ofradioactivity in the shifted band.

A binding domain suitable for use in the invention binds todouble-stranded nucleic acids in a sequence-independent fashion, i.e., abinding domain of the invention binds double-stranded nucleic acids witha significant affinity, but, there is no known nucleic acid that bindsto the domain with more than 100-fold more affinity than another nucleicacid with the same nucleotide composition, but a different nucleic acidsequence. Non-specific binding can be assayed using methodology similarto that described for determining double-stranded vs. single-strandednucleic acid binding. Filter binding assays or gel mobility shift assayscan be performed as above using competitor DNAs of the same nucleotidecomposition, but different nucleic acid sequences to determinespecificity of binding.

Sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domains foruse in the invention can also be assessed, for example, by assaying theability of the double-stranded binding domain to increase processivityor efficiency of a modifying enzyme or to increase the stability of anucleic acid duplex by at least 1° C. can be determined. Thesetechniques are discussed below in the section describing the analysisfor enhanced efficiency of a nucleic acid modifying enzyme.

A binding domain of the invention can also be identified by directassessment of the ability of such a domain to stabilize adouble-stranded nucleic acid conformation. For example, a melting curveof a primer-template construct can be obtained in the presence orabsence of protein by monitoring the UV absorbance of the DNA at 260 nm.The T_(M) of the double-stranded substrate can be determined from themidpoint of the melting curve. The effect of the sequence-non-specificdouble-stranded nucleic-acid-binding protein on the T_(M) can then bedetermined by comparing the T_(M) obtained in the presence of themodified enzyme with that in the presence of the unmodified enzyme. (Theprotein does not significantly contribute to the UV absorbance becauseit has a much lower extinction coefficient at 260 nm than DNA). A domainthat increases the T_(M) by 1°, often by 5°, 10° or more, can then beselected for use in the invention.

Novel sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid bindingproteins of the invention can also be isolated by taking advantage oftheir DNA binding activity, for instance by purification onDNA-cellulose columns. The isolated proteins can then be furtherpurified by conventional means, sequenced, and the genes cloned byconventional means via PCR. Proteins overexpressed from these clones canthen be tested by any of the means described above.

Joining the Catalytic Domain with the Nucleic-Acid-Binding Domain

The catalytic domain and the double-stranded nucleic-acid-binding domaincan be joined by methods well known to those of skill in the art. Thesemethods include chemical and recombinant means.

Chemical means of joining the heterologous domains are described, e.g.,in Bioconjugate Techniques, Hermanson, Ed., Academic Press (1996). Theseinclude, for example, derivitization for the purpose of linking themoieties to each other, either directly or through a linking compound,by methods that are well known in the art of protein chemistry. Forexample, in one chemical conjugation embodiment, the means of linkingthe catalytic domain and the nucleic acid binding domain comprises aheterobifunctional coupling reagent which ultimately contributes toformation of an intermolecular disulfide bond between the two moieties.Other types of coupling reagents that are useful in this capacity forthe present invention are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.4,545,985. Alternatively, an intermolecular disulfide may convenientlybe formed between cysteines in each moiety, which occur naturally or areinserted by genetic engineering. The means of linking moieties may alsouse thioether linkages between heterobifunctional crosslinking reagentsor specific low pH cleavable crosslinkers or specific protease cleavablelinkers or other cleavable or noncleavable chemical linkages.

The means of linking the heterologous domains of the protein may alsocomprise a peptidyl bond formed between moieties that are separatelysynthesized by standard peptide synthesis chemistry or recombinantmeans. The protein itself can also be produced using chemical methods tosynthesize an amino acid sequence in whole or in part. For example,peptides can be synthesized by solid phase techniques, such as, e.g.,the Merrifield solid phase synthesis method, in which amino acids aresequentially added to a growing chain of amino acids (see, Merrifield(1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85:2149-2146). Equipment for automatedsynthesis of polypeptides is commercially available from suppliers suchas PE Corp. (Foster City, Calif.), and may generally be operatedaccording to the manufacturer's instructions. The synthesized peptidescan then be cleaved from the resin, and purified, e.g., by preparativehigh performance liquid chromatography (see Creighton, ProteinsStructures and Molecular Principles, 50-60 (1983)). The composition ofthe synthetic polypeptides or of subfragments of the polypeptide, may beconfirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edmandegradation procedure; see Creighton, Proteins, Structures and MolecularPrinciples, pp. 34-49 (1983)).

In addition, nonclassical amino acids or chemical amino acid analogs canbe introduced as a substitution or addition into the sequence.Non-classical amino acids include, but are not limited to, the D-isomersof the common amino acids, α-amino isobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid,Abu, 2-amino butyric acid, γ-Abu, ε-Ahx, 6-amino hexanoic acid, Aib,2-amino isobutyric acid, 3-amino propionic acid, ornithine, norleucine,norvaline, hydroxy-proline, sarcosine, citrulline, cysteic acid,t-butylglycine, t-butylalanine, phenylglycine, cyclohexylalanine,β-alanine, fluoro-amino acids, designer amino acids such as β-methylamino acids, Cα-methyl amino acids, Nα-methyl amino acids, and aminoacid analogs in general. Furthermore, the amino acid can be D(dextrorotary) or L (levorotary).

In another embodiment, the domains of a protein of the invention, e.g.,Sso7d and Taq polymerase, are joined via a linking group. The linkinggroup can be a chemical crosslinking agent, including, for example,succinimidyl-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC). Thelinking group can also be an additional amino acid sequence(s),including, for example, a polyalanine, polyglycine or similarly, linkinggroup.

In a specific embodiment, the coding sequences of each polypeptide inthe fusion protein are directly joined at their amino- orcarboxy-terminus via a peptide bond in any order. Alternatively, anamino acid linker sequence may be employed to separate the first andsecond polypeptide components by a distance sufficient to ensure thateach polypeptide folds into its secondary and tertiary structures. Suchan amino acid linker sequence is incorporated into the fusion proteinusing standard techniques well known in the art. Suitable peptide linkersequences may be chosen based on the following factors: (1) theirability to adopt a flexible extended conformation; (2) their inabilityto adopt a secondary structure that could interact with functionalepitopes on the first and second polypeptides; and (3) the lack ofhydrophobic or charged residues that might react with the polypeptidefunctional epitopes. Typical peptide linker sequences contain Gly, Valand Thr residues. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Ser and Alacan also be used in the linker sequence. Amino acid sequences which maybe usefully employed as linkers include those disclosed in Maratea etal. (1985) Gene 40:39-46; Murphy et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 83:8258-8262; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,935,233 and 4,751,180. The linkersequence may generally be from 1 to about 50 amino acids in length,e.g., 3, 4, 6, or 10 amino acids in length, but can be 100 or 200 aminoacids in length. Linker sequences may not be required when the first andsecond polypeptides have non-essential N-terminal amino acid regionsthat can be used to separate the functional domains and prevent stericinterference.

Other chemical linkers include carbohydrate linkers, lipid linkers,fatty acid linkers, polyether linkers, e.g., PEG, etc. For example,poly(ethylene glycol) linkers are available from Shearwater Polymers,Inc. Huntsville, Ala. These linkers optionally have amide linkages,sulfhydryl linkages, or heterofunctional linkages.

Other methods of joining the domains include ionic binding by expressingnegative and positive tails and indirect binding through antibodies andstreptavidin-biotin interactions. (See, e.g., Bioconjugate Techniques,supra). The domains may also be joined together through an intermediateinteracting sequence. For example, a consensus PCNA-interacting sequencecan be joined to a polymerase that does not naturally interact with aPCNA homolog. The resulting fusion protein can then be allowed toassociate non-covalently with the PCNA homolog to generate a novelheterologous protein with increased processivity.

Production of Fusion Proteins Using Recombinant Techniques

In one embodiment, a protein of the invention is produced by recombinantexpression of a nucleic acid encoding the protein, which is well knownto those of skill in the art. Such a fusion product can be made byligating the appropriate nucleic acid sequences encoding the desiredamino acid sequences to each other by methods known in the art, in theproper coding frame, and expressing the product by methods known in theart.

Nucleic acids encoding the domains to be incorporated into the fusionproteins of the invention can be obtained using routine techniques inthe field of recombinant genetics. Basic texts disclosing the generalmethods of use in this invention include Sambrook et al., MolecularCloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed. 1989); Kriegler, Gene Transfer andExpression: A Laboratory Manual (1990); and Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., 1994)).

Often, the nucleic acid sequences encoding catalytic or nucleic acidbinding domains or related nucleic acid sequence homologs are clonedfrom cDNA and genomic DNA libraries by hybridization with probes, orisolated using amplification techniques with oligonucleotide primers.Amplification techniques can be used to amplify and isolate sequencesfrom DNA or RNA (see, e.g., Dieffenfach & Dveksler, PCR Primers: ALaboratory Manual (1995)). Alternatively, overlapping oligonucleotidescan be produced synthetically and joined to produce one or more of thedomains. Nucleic acids encoding catalytic or double-stranded nucleicacid binding domains can also be isolated from expression librariesusing antibodies as probes.

In an example of obtaining a nucleic acid encoding a catalytic ornucleic acid binding domain using PCR, the nucleic acid sequence orsubsequence is PCR amplified, using a sense primer containing onerestriction site and an antisense primer containing another restrictionsite. This will produce a nucleic acid encoding the desired domainsequence or subsequence and having terminal restriction sites. Thisnucleic acid can then be easily ligated into a vector containing anucleic acid encoding the second domain and having the appropriatecorresponding restriction sites. The domains can be directly joined ormay be separated by a linker, or other, protein sequence. Suitable PCRprimers can be determined by one of skill in the art using the sequenceinformation provided in GenBank or other sources. Appropriaterestriction sites can also be added to the nucleic acid encoding theprotein or protein subsequence by site-directed mutagenesis. The plasmidcontaining the domain-encoding nucleotide sequence or subsequence iscleaved with the appropriate restriction endonuclease and then ligatedinto an appropriate vector for amplification and/or expression accordingto standard methods.

Examples of techniques sufficient to direct persons of skill through invitro amplification methods are found in Berger, Sambrook, and Ausubel,as well as Mullis et al., (1987) U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; PCR ProtocolsA Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al., eds) Academic PressInc. San Diego, Calif. (1990) (Innis); Arnheim & Levinson (Oct. 1, 1990)C&EN 36-47; The Journal Of NIH Research (1991) 3: 81-94; (Kwoh et al.(1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 1173; Guatelli et al. (1990) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1874; Lomell et al. (1989) J. Clin. Chem., 35:1826; Landegren et al., (1988) Science 241: 1077-1080; Van Brunt (1990)Biotechnology 8: 291-294; Wu and Wallace (1989) Gene 4: 560; andBarringer et al. (1990) Gene 89: 117.

Other physical properties of a polypeptide expressed from a particularnucleic acid can be compared to properties of known sequence nonspecificdouble-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins or nucleic acid modifyingenzyme catalytic domains to provide another method of identifyingsuitable nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to modify the polypeptidesencoding the catalytic and/or nucleic acid binding regions of therecombinant fusion protein. One of skill will recognize many ways ofgenerating alterations in a given nucleic acid construct. Suchwell-known methods include site-directed mutagenesis, PCR amplificationusing degenerate oligonucleotides, exposure of cells containing thenucleic acid to mutagenic agents or radiation, chemical synthesis of adesired oligonucleotide (e.g., in conjunction with ligation and/orcloning to generate large nucleic acids) and other well-knowntechniques. See, e.g., Giliman and Smith (1979) Gene 8:81-97, Roberts etal. (1987) Nature 328: 731-734.

For example, the catalytic and/or nucleic acid binding domains can bemodified to facilitate the linkage of the two domains to obtain thepolynucleotides that encode the fusion polypeptides of the invention.Catalytic domains and binding domains that are modified by such methodsare also part of the invention. For example, a codon for a cysteineresidue can be placed at either end of a domain so that the domain canbe linked by, for example, a sulfide linkage. The modification can beperformed using either recombinant or chemical methods (see, e.g.,Pierce Chemical Co. catalog, Rockford Ill.).

The catalytic and binding domains of the recombinant fusion protein areoften joined by linker domains, usually polypeptide sequences such asthose described above, which can be about 200 amino acids or more inlength, with 1 to 100 amino acids being typical. In some embodiments,proline residues are incorporated into the linker to prevent theformation of significant secondary structural elements by the linker.Linkers can often be flexible amino acid subsequences that aresynthesized as part of a recombinant fusion protein. Such flexiblelinkers are known to persons of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acids encoding the proteinsof the invention are modified to provide preferred codons which enhancetranslation of the nucleic acid in a selected organism (e.g., yeastpreferred codons are substituted into a coding nucleic acid forexpression in yeast).

Expression Cassettes and Host Cells for Expressing the FusionPolypeptides

There are many expression systems for producing the fusion polypeptidethat are well know to those of ordinary skill in the art. (See, e.g.,Gene Expression Systems, Fernandex and Hoeffler, Eds. Academic Press,1999.) Typically, the polynucleotide that encodes the fusion polypeptideis placed under the control of a promoter that is functional in thedesired host cell. An extremely wide variety of promoters are available,and can be used in the expression vectors of the invention, depending onthe particular application. Ordinarily, the promoter selected dependsupon the cell in which the promoter is to be active. Other expressioncontrol sequences such as ribosome binding sites, transcriptiontermination sites and the like are also optionally included. Constructsthat include one or more of these control sequences are termed“expression cassettes.” Accordingly, the nucleic acids that encode thejoined polypeptides are incorporated for high level expression in adesired host cell.

Expression control sequences that are suitable for use in a particularhost cell are often obtained by cloning a gene that is expressed in thatcell. Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences, which are definedherein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionallywith an operator, along with ribosome binding site sequences, includesuch commonly used promoters as the beta-lactamase (penicillinase) andlactose (lac) promoter systems (Change et al., Nature (1977) 198: 1056),the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al., Nucleic Acids Res.(1980) 8: 4057), the tac promoter (DeBoer, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A. (1983) 80:21-25); and the lambda-derived P_(L) promoter andN-gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al., Nature (1981) 292: 128).The particular promoter system is not critical to the invention, anyavailable promoter that functions in prokaryotes can be used. Standardbacterial expression vectors include plasmids such as pBR322-basedplasmids, e.g., pBLUESCRIPT™, pSKF, pET23D, λ-phage derived vectors, andfusion expression systems such as GST and LacZ. Epitope tags can also beadded to recombinant proteins to provide convenient methods ofisolation, e.g., c-myc, HA-tag, 6-His tag (SEQ ID NO:13), maltosebinding protein, VSV-G tag, anti-DYKDDDDK tag (SEQ ID NO:14), or anysuch tag, a large number of which are well known to those of skill inthe art.

For expression of fusion polypeptides in prokaryotic cells other than E.coli, a promoter that functions in the particular prokaryotic species isrequired. Such promoters can be obtained from genes that have beencloned from the species, or heterologous promoters can be used. Forexample, the hybrid trp-lac promoter functions in Bacillus in additionto E. coli. These and other suitable bacterial promoters are well knownin the art and are described, e.g., in Sambrook et al. and Ausubel etal. Bacterial expression systems for expressing the proteins of theinvention are available in, e.g., E. coli, Bacillus sp., and Salmonella(Palva et al., Gene 22:229-235 (1983); Mosbach et al., Nature302:543-545 (1983). Kits for such expression systems are commerciallyavailable.

Eukaryotic expression systems for mammalian cells, yeast, and insectcells are well known in the art and are also commercially available. Inyeast, vectors include Yeast Integrating plasmids (e.g., YIp5) and YeastReplicating plasmids (the YRp series plasmids) and pGPD-2. Expressionvectors containing regulatory elements from eukaryotic viruses aretypically used in eukaryotic expression vectors, e.g., SV40 vectors,papilloma virus vectors, and vectors derived from Epstein-Barr virus.Other exemplary eukaryotic vectors include pMSG, pAV009/A+, pMTO10/A+,pMAMneo-5, baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowing expressionof proteins under the direction of the CMV promoter, SV40 earlypromoter, SV40 later promoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammarytumor virus promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter,or other promoters shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

Either constitutive or regulated promoters can be used in the presentinvention. Regulated promoters can be advantageous because the hostcells can be grown to high densities before expression of the fusionpolypeptides is induced. High level expression of heterologous proteinsslows cell growth in some situations. An inducible promoter is apromoter that directs expression of a gene where the level of expressionis alterable by environmental or developmental factors such as, forexample, temperature, pH, anaerobic or aerobic conditions, light,transcription factors and chemicals.

For E. coli and other bacterial host cells, inducible promoters areknown to those of skill in the art. These include, for example, the lacpromoter, the bacteriophage lambda P_(L) promoter, the hybrid trp-lacpromoter (Amann et al. (1983) Gene 25: 167; de Boer et al. (1983) Proc.Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 21), and the bacteriophage T7 promoter(Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol.; Tabor et al. (1985) Proc. Nat'l.Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1074-8). These promoters and their use are discussedin Sambrook et al., supra.

Inducible promoters for other organisms are also well known to those ofskill in the art. These include, for example, the metallothioneinpromoter, the heat shock promoter, as well as many others.

Translational coupling may be used to enhance expression. The strategyuses a short upstream open reading frame derived from a highly expressedgene native to the translational system, which is placed downstream ofthe promoter, and a ribosome binding site followed after a few aminoacid codons by a termination codon. Just prior to the termination codonis a second ribosome binding site, and following the termination codonis a start codon for the initiation of translation. The system dissolvessecondary structure in the RNA, allowing for the efficient initiation oftranslation. See Squires, et. al. (1988), J. Biol. Chem. 263:16297-16302.

The construction of polynucleotide constructs generally requires the useof vectors able to replicate in bacteria. Such vectors are commonly usedin the art. A plethora of kits are commercially available for thepurification of plasmids from bacteria (for example, EasyPrepJ,FlexiPrepJ, from Pharmacia Biotech; StrataCleanJ, from Stratagene; and,QIAexpress Expression System, Qiagen). The isolated and purifiedplasmids can then be further manipulated to produce other plasmids, andused to transform cells.

The fusion polypeptides can be expressed intracellularly, or can besecreted from the cell. Intracellular expression often results in highyields. If necessary, the amount of soluble, active fusion polypeptidemay be increased by performing refolding procedures (see, e.g., Sambrooket al., supra.; Marston et al., Bio/Technology (1984) 2: 800; Schoner etal., Bio/Technology (1985) 3: 151). Fusion polypeptides of the inventioncan be expressed in a variety of host cells, including E. coli, otherbacterial hosts, yeast, and various higher eukaryotic cells such as theCOS, CHO and HeLa cells lines and myeloma cell lines. The host cells canbe mammalian cells, insect cells, or microorganisms, such as, forexample, yeast cells, bacterial cells, or fungal cells.

Once expressed, the recombinant fusion polypeptides can be purifiedaccording to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfateprecipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, gelelectrophoresis and the like (see, generally, R. Scopes, ProteinPurification, Springer-Verlag, N.Y. (1982), Deutscher, Methods inEnzymology Vol. 182: Guide to Protein Purification., Academic Press,Inc. N.Y. (1990)). Substantially pure compositions of at least about 90to 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity aremost preferred. Once purified, partially or to homogeneity as desired,the polypeptides may then be used (e.g., as immunogens for antibodyproduction).

To facilitate purification of the fusion polypeptides of the invention,the nucleic acids that encode the fusion polypeptides can also include acoding sequence for an epitope or “tag” for which an affinity bindingreagent is available. Examples of suitable epitopes include the myc andV-5 reporter genes; expression vectors useful for recombinant productionof fusion polypeptides having these epitopes are commercially available(e.g., Invitrogen (Carlsbad Calif.) vectors pcDNA3.1/Myc-His andpcDNA3.1/V5-His are suitable for expression in mammalian cells).Additional expression vectors suitable for attaching a tag to the fusionproteins of the invention, and corresponding detection systems are knownto those of skill in the art, and several are commercially available(e.g., FLAG″ (Kodak, Rochester N.Y.). Another example of a suitable tagis a polyhistidine sequence, which is capable of binding to metalchelate affinity ligands. Typically, six adjacent histidines are used,although one can use more or less than six. Suitable metal chelateaffinity ligands that can serve as the binding moiety for apolyhistidine tag include nitrilo-tri-acetic acid (NTA) (Hochuli, E.(1990) “Purification of recombinant proteins with metal chelatingadsorbents” In Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods, J. K.Setlow, Ed., Plenum Press, NY; commercially available from Qiagen (SantaClarita, Calif.)).

One of skill would recognize that modifications could be made to thecatalytic and sequence nonspecific double-stranded nucleic acid bindingdomains without diminishing their biological activity. Somemodifications may be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, orincorporation of a domain into a fusion protein. Such modifications arewell known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, theaddition of codons at either terminus of the polynucleotide that encodesthe binding domain to provide, for example, a methionine added at theamino terminus to provide an initiation site, or additional amino acids(e.g., poly His) placed on either terminus to create convenientlylocated restriction sites or termination codons or purificationsequences.

Assays to Determine Improved Activity for the Catalytic Domains.

Activity of the catalytic domain can be measured using a variety ofassays that can be used to compare processivity or modification activityof a modifying protein domain joined to a binding domain compared to theprotein by itself. Improvement in activity includes both increasedprocessivity and increased efficiency.

Improved Activity of Processive Modifying Enzymes

Polymerase processivity can be measured in variety of methods known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Polymerase processivity is generallydefined as the number of nucleotides incorporated during a singlebinding event of a modifying enzyme to a primed template.

For example, a 5′ FAM-labeled primer is annealed to circular orlinearized ssM13mp18 DNA to form a primed template. In measuringprocessivity, the primed template usually is present in significantmolar excess to the enzyme or catalytic domain to be assayed so that thechance of any primed template being extended more than once by thepolymerase is minimized. The primed template is therefore mixed with thepolymerase catalytic domain to be assayed at a ratio such asapproximately 4000:1 (primed DNA:DNA polymerase) in the presence ofbuffer and dNTPs. MgCl₂ is added to initiate DNA synthesis. Samples arequenched at various times after initiation, and analyzed on a sequencinggel. At a polymerase concentration where the median product length doesnot change with time or polymerase concentration, the length correspondsto the processivity of the enzyme. The processivity of a protein of theinvention, i.e., a protein that contains a sequence non-specificdouble-stranded nucleic acid binding domain fused to the catalyticdomain of a processive nucleic acid modifying enzyme such as apolymerase, is then compared to the processivity of the enzyme withoutthe binding domain.

Enhanced efficiency can also be demonstrated by measuring the increasedability of an enzyme to produce product. Such an analysis measures thestability of the double-stranded nucleic acid duplex indirectly bydetermining the amount of product obtained in a reaction. For example, aPCR assay can be used to measure the amount of PCR product obtained witha short, e.g., 12 nucleotide in length, primer annealed at an elevatedtemperature, e.g., 50° C. In this analysis, enhanced efficiency is shownby the ability of a polymerase such as a Taq polymerase to produce moreproduct in a PCR reaction using the 12 nucleotide primer annealed at 50°C. when it is joined to a sequence-non-specific double-strandednucleic-acid-binding domain of the invention, e.g., Sso7d, than Taqpolymerase does alone. In contrast, a binding tract that is a series ofcharged residues, e.g. lysines, when joined to a polymerase does notenhance processivity.

Similar assay conditions can be employed to test for improvedprocessivity when the catalytic domain is a reverse transcriptase,methylase, gyrase, topoisomerase, or an exonuclease. In these analyses,processivity is measured as the ability of the enzyme to remain attachedto the template or substrate and perform multiple modificationreactions. The molar ratio of nucleic acid to enzyme is typicallysufficiently high so that one the average only one enzyme molecule isbound per substrate nucleic acid. For example, the activity of aprocessive exonuclease, lambda exonuclease, can be assayed usingpublished methods (see, e.g., Mitsis and Kwagh, Nucleic Acid Research,27:3057-3063, 1999). In brief, a long DNA substrates (0.5-20 kb) can beamplified from a DNA template using a 5′-biotinylated primer as theforward primer and a 5′ phosphorylated primer as the reverse primer, orvice versa. Radio-labeled dATP is used to internally label the PCRfragment, which serves as the substrate for the lambda exonuclease. Thepurified internally-labeled substrate is mixed with the enzyme at asufficient high molar ratio of DNA to enzyme to ensure that on averageonly one exonuclease molecule bound per substrate DNA. Aliquots of thesample are removed over time and can be assayed either by gelelectrophoresis or by monitoring the formation of acid solubleradio-labels.

Enhanced Activity of Non-Processive Modifying Enzymes

Catalytic domains of non-processive DNA modifying enzymes, or theenzymes themselves, can also be used in the invention. Examples of suchmodifying enzymes include ligases and restriction endonucleases. Often,the catalytic domains are obtained from thermostable Thermus orPyrococcus species. To determine improved activity, the enzymaticfunction can be analyzed under a variety of conditions, often increasedreaction temperatures, e.g., temperatures 45° C. or above, and comparedto the unmodified enzyme activity.

For example, Taq DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiesterbond between juxtaposed 5′ phosphate and 3′ hydroxyl termini of twoadjacent oligonucleotides that are hybridized to a complementary targetDNA. The enzyme is active at 45° C.-65° C. The yield of the ligatedproduct is dependent on how efficiently the complementary strands of DNAare annealed to form the substrate for the enzyme. A binding domain ofthe invention, such as a Sso7d-like protein, when joined to the ligasecan stabilize the DNA duplex by increasing its melting temperature, sothat an elevated reaction temperature can be used to maximize theactivity of the enzyme without compromising the basepairinginteractions.

The effect of Sso7d fusion on the activity of a ligase can be analyzedby comparing the ligation efficiency of the modified versus that of theunmodified enzyme. The ligation efficiency of two linear DNA fragmentscan be monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis, whereas the ligationefficiency of converting a linearized plasmid to a circular plasmid canbe monitored by DNA transformation.

In another example, the catalytic domain of a nucleic acid modifyingenzyme with improved activity can be from a restriction enzyme isolatedfrom a thermophilic species that requires an elevated reactiontemperature to achieve optimal activity. For example when therestriction enzyme recognition sites are located very close to the endof a DNA fragment or in duplexed oligonucleotides, higher temperaturesmay destabilize the duplex structure. At a higher reaction temperature,e.g., 45° C. or above, a restriction enzyme with improved activitybecause of the presence of a binding domain of the invention, e.g., anSso7d-like protein joined to the restriction endonuclease, can produce agreater amount of product, i.e., digested DNA, than the restrictionenzyme by itself. The product yield from a particular reaction can beassessed by visualization on a gel or by assessment of transformationefficiency.

Other methods of assessing enhanced efficiency of the improved nucleicacid modifying enzymes of the invention can be determined by those ofordinary skill in the art using standard assays of the enzymaticactivity of a given modification enzyme. Thus, processive modifyingenzymes such as reverse transcriptases, methylases, gyrases, andtopoisomerases, and other non-processive modifying enzymes can besimilarly analyzed by comparing activities of the protein, or acatalytic domain, joined to a sequence non-specific double-strandednucleic acid binding domain and the protein by itself.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification areherein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication orpatent application were specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill inthe art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changesand modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spiritor scope of the appended claims.

Examples

The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and notby way of limitation. Those of skill will readily recognize a variety ofnon-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yieldessentially similar results.

Example 1 Construction of Fusion Proteins

Construction of Sso7d-ΔTaq Fusion.

The following example illustrates the construction of a polymeraseprotein possessing enhanced processivity, in which thesequence-non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding protein Sso7dis fused to the Thermus aquaticus Poll DNA polymerase (a family Apolymerase known as Taq DNA polymerase) that is deleted at the Nterminus by 289 amino acids (ΔTaq).

Based on the published amino acid sequence of Sso7d, sevenoligonucleotides were used in constructing a synthetic gene encodingSso7d. The oligonucleotides were annealed and ligated using T4 DNAligase. The final ligated product was used as the template in a PCRreaction using two terminal oligonucleotides as primers to amplify thefull-length gene. By design, the resulting PCR fragment contains aunique EcoRI site at the 5′ terminus, and a unique BstXI site at the 3′terminus. In addition to encoding the Sso7d protein, the above PCRfragment also encodes a peptide linker with the amino acid sequence ofGly-Gly-Val-Thr (SEQ ID NO:15) positioned at the C terminus of the Sso7dprotein. The synthetic gene of Sso7d has the DNA sequence shown in SEQID NO:1, and it encodes a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence shownin SEQ ID NO:2.

The synthetic gene encoding Sso7d was then used to generate a fusionprotein in which Sso7d replaces the first 289 amino acid of Taq. Thefragment encoding Sso7d was subcloned into a plasmid encoding Taqpolymerase to generate the fusion protein, as follows. Briefly, the DNAfragment containing the synthetic Sso7d gene was digested withrestriction endonucleases EcoRI and BstXI, and ligated into thecorresponding sites of a plasmid encoding Taq. As the result, the regionthat encodes the first 289 amino acid of Taq is replaced by thesynthetic gene of Sso7d. This plasmid (pYW1) allows the expression of asingle polypeptide containing Sso7d fused to the N terminus of ΔTaq viaa synthetic linker composed of Gly-Gly-Val-Thr (SEQ ID NO:15). The DNAsequence encoding the fusion protein (Sso7d-ΔTaq) and the amino acidsequence of the protein are shown in SEQ ID NOs:3 and 4, respectively.

Construction of Sso7d-Taq Fusion.

An Sso7d/full-length Taq fusion protein was also constructed. Briefly, a1 kb PCR fragment encoding the first 336 amino acids of Taq polymerasewas generated using two primers. The 5′ primer introduces a SpeI siteinto the 5′ terminus of the PCR fragment, and the 3′ primer hybridizesto nucleotides 1008-1026 of the Taq gene. The fragment was digested withSpeI and BstXI, releasing a 0.9 kb fragment encoding the first 289 aminoacids of Taq polymerase. The 0.9 kb fragment was ligated into plasmidpYW1 at the SpeI (located in the region encoding the linker) and BstXIsites. The resulting plasmid (pYW2) allows the expression of a singlepolypeptide containing the Sso7d protein fused to the N terminus of thefull length Taq DNA polymerase via a linker composed of Gly-Gly-Val-Thr,the same as in Sso7d-ΔTaq. The DNA sequence encoding the Sso7d-Taqfusion protein and the amino acid sequence of the protein are shown inSEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6, respectively.

Construction of Pfu-Sso7d Fusion.

A third fusion protein was created, joining Sso7d to the C terminus ofPyrococcus furiosus DNA poll (a family B DNA polymerase known as Pfu). ApET-based plasmid carrying the Pfu DNA polymerase gene was modified sothat a unique KpnI site and a unique SpeI site are introduced at the 3′end of the Pfu gene before the stop codon. The resulting plasmid (pPFKS)expresses a Pfu polymerase with three additional amino acids(Gly-Thr-His) at its C terminus.

Two primers were used to PCR amplify the synthetic Sso7d gene describedabove to introduce a Kpn I site and a NheI site flanking the Sso7d gene.The 5′ primer also introduced six additional amino acids(Gly-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly; SEQ ID NO:16), which serve as a linker, at theN terminus of the Sso7d protein. Upon digestion with KpnI and NheI, thePCR fragment was ligated into pPFKS at the corresponding sites. Theresulting plasmid (pPFS) allows the expression of a single polypeptidecontaining Sso7d protein fused to the C terminus of the Pfu polymerasevia a peptide linker (Gly-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly; SEQ ID NO:16). The DNAsequence encoding the fusion protein (Pfu-Sso7d) and the amino acidsequence of the fusion protein are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8,respectively.

Construction of Sac7d-ΔTaq Fusion.

A fourth fusion protein was constructed, which joined asequence-non-specific DNA binding protein from a different species toΔTaq. Two primers were used to PCR amplify the Sac7d gene from genomicDNA of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The primers introduced a unique EcoRIsite and a unique SpeI site to the PCR fragment at the 5′ and 3′termini, respectively. Upon restriction digestion with EcoRI and SpeI,the PCR fragment was ligated into pYW1 (described above) at thecorresponding sites. The resulting plasmid expresses a singlepolypeptide containing the Sac7d protein fused to the N terminus of ΔTaqvia the same linker as used in Sso7d-ΔTaq. The DNA sequence of thefusion protein (Sac7d-ΔTaq) and the amino acid sequence of the proteinare shown in SEQ ID. NOs: 9 and 10, respectively.

Construction of PL-ΔTaq fusion.

A fifth fusion protein joins a peptide composed of 14 lysines and 2arginines to the N terminus of ΔTaq. To generate the polylysine(PL)-ΔTaq fusion protein, two 67 nt oligonucleotides were annealed toform a duplexed DNA fragment with a 5′ protruding end compatible with anEcoRI site, and a 3′ protruding end compatible with an SpeI site. TheDNA fragment encodes a lysine-rich peptide of the following composition:NSKKKKKKKRKKRKKKGGGVT (SEQ ID NO:17). The numbers of lysines andarginines in this peptide are identical to the that in Sso7d. This DNAfragment was ligated into pYW1, predigested with EcoRI and SpeI, toreplace the region encoding Sso7d. The resulting plasmid (pLST)expresses a single polypeptide containing the lysine-rich peptide fusedto the N terminus of ΔTaq. The DNA sequence encoding the fusion protein(PL-ΔTaq) and the amino acid sequence of the protein are shown in SEQ IDNOs: 11 and 12, respectively.

Example 2 Assessing the Processivity of the Fusion Polymerases

This example illustrates enhancement of processivity of the fusionproteins of the invention generated in Example 1.

Polymerase Unit Definition Assay

The following assay was used to define a polymerase unit. Anoligonucleotide was pre-annealed to ssM13mp18 DNA in the presence ofMg+⁺-free reaction buffer and dNTPs. The DNA polymerase of interest wasadded to the primed DNA mixture. MgCl₂ was added to initiate DNAsynthesis at 72° C. Samples were taken at various time points and addedto TE buffer containing PicoGreen (Molecular Probes, Eugene Oreg.). Theamount of DNA synthesized was quantified using a fluorescence platereader. The unit activity of the DNA polymerase of interest wasdetermined by comparing its initial rate with that of a control DNApolymerase (e.g., a commercial polymerase of known unit concentration).

Processivity Assay

Processivity was measured by determining the number of nucleotidesincorporated during a single binding event of the polymerase to a primedtemplate.

Briefly, 40 nM of a 5′ FAM-labeled primer (34 nt long) was annealed to80 nM of circular or linearized ssM13mp18 DNA to form the primedtemplate. The primed template was mixed with the DNA polymerase ofinterest at a molar ratio of approximately 4000:1 (primed DNA:DNApolymerase) in the presence of standard PCR buffer (free of Mg+⁺) and200 μM of each dNTPs. MgCl₂ was added to a final concentration of 2 mMto initiate DNA synthesis. At various times after initiation, sampleswere quenched with sequencing loading dye containing 99% formamide, andanalyzed on a sequencing gel. The median product length, which isdefined as the product length above or below which there are equalamounts of products, was determined based on integration of alldetectable product peaks. At a polymerase concentration for which themedian product length change with time or polymerase concentration, thelength corresponds to the processivity of the enzyme. The rangespresented in Table 1 represent the range of values obtained in severalrepeats of the assay.

TABLE I Comparison of processivity DNA polymerase Median product length(nt) ΔTaq 2-6 Sso7d-ΔTaq 39-58 PL-ΔTaq 2-6 Taq 15-20 Sso7d-Taq 130-160Pfu 2-3 Pfu-Sso7d 35-39

In comparing the processivity of modified enzyme to the unmodifiedenzyme, ΔTaq had a processivity of 2-6 nucleotides, whereas Sso7d-ΔTaqfusion exhibited a processivity of 39-58 nucleotides (Table I). Fulllength Taq had a processivity of 15-20 nucleotides, which wassignificantly lower than that of Sso7d-Taq fusion with a processivity of130-160 nucleotides. These results demonstrate that Sso7d joined to Taqpolymerase enhanced the processivity of the polymerase.

Pfu belongs to family B of polymerases. Unlike Taq polymerase, Pfupossesses a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity, allowing it to maintain highfidelity during DNA synthesis. A modified Pfu polymerase, in which Sso7dis fused to the C terminus of the full length Pfu polymerase, and anunmodified Pfu polymerase were analyzed in the processivity assaydescribed above. As shown in Table I, the Pfu polymerase exhibited aprocessivity of 2-3 nt, whereas the Pfu-Sso7d fusion protein had aprocessivity of 35-39 nt. Thus, the fusion of Sso7d to the C terminus ofPfu resulted in a >10-fold enhancement of the processivity over theunmodified enzyme.

The ability of a lysine-rich peptide to enhance the processivity of Taqpolymerase was also assessed. The processivity of PL-ΔTaq was measuredusing the method described above, and compared to that of the unmodifiedprotein, ΔTaq. As shown in Table I, the presence of the polylysine tractdid not enhance the processivity of ΔTaq. Thus, although the addition ofa lysine-rich peptide to a nucleic acid binding protein may increase theassociation rate of an enzyme to its substrate as disclosed in the priorart, processivity is not increased.

Example 3 Effect of Fusion Proteins on Oligonucleotide AnnealingTemperature

This experiment demonstrates the increased efficiency of the Sso7d-ΔTaqfusion protein, compared to Taq, to produce product at higher annealingtemperatures by stabilizing dsDNA.

Two primers, primer 1008 (19mer; T_(M)=56.4° C.) and 2180R (20mer;T_(M)=56.9° C.), were used to amplify a 1 kb fragment (1008-2180) of theTaq pol gene. A gradient thermal cycler (MJ Research, Waltham Mass.) wasused to vary the annealing temperature from 50° C. to 72° C. in a PCRcycling program. The amounts of PCR products generated using identicalnumber of units of Sso7d-ΔTaq and Taq were quantified and compared. Theresults are shown in Table II. The Sso7d-ΔTaq fusion protein exhibitedsignificantly higher efficiency than full length Taq at higher annealingtemperatures. Thus, the presence of Sso7d in cis increases the meltingtemperature of the primer on the template.

The annealing temperature assay above was used to investigate whetherPL-ΔTaq has any effect on the annealing temperature of primer during PCRamplification. As shown in Table II, little or no amplified product wasobserved when the annealing temperature was at or above 63° C.

TABLE II Comparison of activities at different annealing temperatures.Activity Activity Activity Polymerase at 63° C. at 66° C. at 69° C. Taq 85% 30% <10% Sso7d-ΔTaq >95% 70%  40% PL-ΔTaq  <5% nd nd nd: notdetectable.

Example 4 Effect of Fusion Proteins on Required Primer Length

An enhancement of T_(M) of the primers (as shown above) predicts thatshorter primers could be used by Sso7d-ΔTaq, but not by Taq, to achieveefficient PCR amplification. This analysis shows that Sso7d-ΔTaq is moreefficient in an assay using shorter primers compared to Taq.

Primers of different lengths were used to compare the efficiencies ofPCR amplification by Sso7d-ΔTaq and by Taq. The results are shown inTable III and in FIG. 1A-1C. When two long primers, 57F (22mer,T_(M)=58° C.) and 732R (24mer, T_(M)=57° C.) were used, no significantdifference was observed between Sso7d-ΔTaq and Taq at either low or highannealing temperatures. When medium length primers, 57F15 (15mer,T_(M)=35° C.) and 732R16 (16mer, T_(m)=35° C.), were used, Sso7d-ΔTaqwas more efficient than Taq, especially when the annealing temperaturewas high. The most striking difference between the two enzymes wasobserved with short primers, 57F12 (12mer) and 732R16 (16mer), whereSso7d-ΔTaq generated 10 times more products than Taq at both low andhigh annealing temperatures.

PCR using primers 57F12 (12 nt) and 732R16 (16 nt) were used to comparethe efficiency of Sac7d-ΔTaq to the unmodified full length Taq in PCRreaction. Results are shown in FIG. 2. Similar to Sso7d-ΔTaq, Sac7d-ΔTaqis significantly more efficient than Taq in amplifying using shortprimers.

A primer length assay was used to determine the ability of PL-ΔTaq touse short primers in PCR amplification. When long primers (57F and 732R)were used, the amplified product generated by PL-ΔTaq is ˜50% of that bySso7d-ΔTaq. When short primers (57F12 and 732R16) were used, theamplified product generated by PL-ΔTaq is <20% of that by Sso7d-ΔTaq.

TABLE III Comparison of the effect of primer length on PCR amplificationby Sso7d-ΔTaq and Taq DNA polymerase. 22 nt primer 15 nt primer 12 ntprimer Anneal Anneal Anneal Anneal Anneal Anneal polymerase @ 55° C. @63° C. @ 49° C. @ 54° C. @ 49° C. @ 54° C. Taq 14000 9000 5500 <500 1000undetectable Sso7d-ΔTaq 17000 13000 15000 5000 10000 3000 Sso7d-ΔTaq:Taq1.2:1 1.4:1 2.7:1 >10:1 10:1 >10:1

Listing of Sequences

SEQ ID NO: 1 Synthetic Sso7d geneGCAACCGTAAAGTTCAAGTACAAAGGCGAAGAAAAAGAGGTAGACATCTCCAAGATCAAGAAAGTATGGCGTGTGGGCAAGATGATCTCCTTCACCTACGACGAGGGCGGTGGCAAGACCGGCCGTGGTGCGGTAAGCGAAAAGGACGCGCCGAAGGAGCTGCTGCAGATGCTGGAGAAGCAGAAAAAG SEQ ID NO: 2 The amino acidsequence of Sso7d. ATVKFKYKGEEKEVDISKIKKVWRVGKMISFTYDEGGGKTGRGAVSEKDAPKELLQMLEKQKK SEQ ID NO: 3 The DNA sequence encoding the Sso7d-ΔTaqfusion protein ATGATTACGAATTCGAGCGCAACCGTAAAGTTCAAGTACAAAGGCGAAGAAAAAGAGGTAGACATCTCCAAGATCAAGAAAGTATGGCGTGTGGGCAAGATGATCTCCTTCACCTACGACGAGGGCGGTGGCAAGACCGGCCGTGGTGCGGTAAGCGAAAAGGACGCGCCGAAGGAGCTGCTGCAGATGCTGGAGAAGCAGAAAAAGGGCGGCGGTGTCACTAGTCCCAAGGCcCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGGCCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCCGATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTATAAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTGGCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTCCTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACGGAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGGCTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCTGTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTGTCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGAGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGCCACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGGCTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTGGAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACCAAGCTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGCCTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCCAACCTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATCGCCGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTGGCCCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCACACGGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGCCGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCCCAGGAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGCTTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTACGTGGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGTGCGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCTCATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATGCTCCTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTGGCCCGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGGGCATTGATGGCCGCGGCGGAGGCGGGCATCATCATCATCATCATTAA SEQ ID NO: 4 The aminoacid sequence of Sso7d-ΔTaq fusion proteinMITNSSATVKFKYKGEEKEVDISKIKKVWRVGKMISFTYDEGGGKTGRGAVSEKDAPKELLQMLEKQKKGGGVTSPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVGFVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELTKLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKEGIDGRGGGGHHHHHH SEQ ID NO: 5 The DNA sequence encodingthe Sso7d-Taq fusion proteinATGATTACGAATTCGAGCGCAACCGTAAAGTTCAAGTACAAAGGCGAAGAAAAAGAGGTAGACATCTCCAAGATCAAGAAAGTATGGCGTGTGGGCAAGATGATCTCCTTCACCTACGACGAGGGCGGTGGCAAGACCGGCCGTGGTGCGGTAAGCGAAAAGGACGCGCCGAAGGAGCTGCTGCAGATGCTGGAGAAGCAGAAAAAGGGCGGCGGTGTCACTAGTGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAGCCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGGGACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGGGGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCAGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATCAAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGACGACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTCACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAGGGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGGGCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATCGGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAGAACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTGAAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCCAAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGCAGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGGCcCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGGCCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCCGATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTATAAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTGGCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTCCTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACGGAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGGCTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCTGTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTGTCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGAGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGCCACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGGCTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTGGAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACCAAGCTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGCCTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCCAACCTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATCGCCGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTGGCCCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCACACGGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGCCGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCCCAGGAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGCTTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTACGTGGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGTGCGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCTCATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATGCTCCTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTGGCCCGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGGGCATTGATGGCCGCGGCGGAGGCGGGCATCATCA TCATCATCATTAA SEQ IDNO: 6 The amino acid sequence of Sso7d-Taq fusion protein.MITNSSATVKFKYKGEEKEVDISKIKKVWRVGKMISFTYDEGGGKTGRGAVSEKDAPKELLQMLEKQKKGGGVTSGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGDAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEAYGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEADDVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIHVLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKPAIREKILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVGFVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELTKLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDW LSAKEGIDGRGGGGHHHHHHSEQ ID NO: 7 The DNA sequence encoding the Pfu-Sso7d fusion proteinATGATTTTAGATGTGGATTACATAACTGAAGAAGGAAAACCTGTTATTAGGCTATTCAAAAAAGAGAACGGAAAATTTAAGATAGAGCATGATAGAACTTTTAGACCATACATTTACGCTCTTCTCAGGGATGATTCAAAGATTGAAGAAGTTAAGAAAATAACGGGGGAAAGGCATGGAAAGATTGTGAGAATTGTTGATGTAGAGAAGGTTGAGAAAAAGTTTCTCGGCAAGCCTATTACCGTGTGGAAACTTTATTTGGAACATCCCCAAGATGTTCCCACTATTAGAGAAAAAGTTAGAGAACATCCAGCAGTTGTGGACATCTTCGAATACGATATTCCATTTGCAAAGAGATACCTCATCGACAAAGGCCTAATACCAATGGAGGGGGAAGAAGAGCTAAAGATTCTTGCCTTCGATATAGAAACCCTCTATCACGAAGGAGAAGAGTTTGGAAAAGGCCCAATTATAATGATTAGTTATGCAGATGAAAATGAAGCAAAGGTGATTACTTGGAAAAACATAGATCTTCCATACGTTGAGGTTGTATCAAGCGAGAGAGAGATGATAAAGAGATTTCTCAGGATTATCAGGGAGAAGGATCCTGACATTATAGTTACTTATAATGGAGACTCATTCGACTTCCCATATTTAGCGAAAAGGGCAGAAAAACTTGGGATTAAATTAACCATTGGAAGAGATGGAAGCGAGCCCAAGATGCAGAGAATAGGCGATATGACGGCTGTAGAAGTCAAGGGAAGAATACATTTCGACTTGTATCATGTAATAACAAGGACAATAAATCTCCCAACATACACACTAGAGGCTGTATATGAAGCAATTTTTGGAAAGCCAAAGGAGAAGGTATACGCCGACGAGATAGCAAAAGCCTGGGAAAGTGGAGAGAACCTTGAGAGAGTTGCCAAATACTCGATGGAAGATGCAAAGGCAACTTATGAACTCGGGAAAGAATTCCTTCCAATGGAAATTCAGCTTTCAAGATTAGTTGGACAACCTTTATGGGATGTTTCAAGGTCAAGCACAGGGAACCTTGTAGAGTGGTTCTTACTTAGGAAAGCCTACGAAAGAAACGAAGTAGCTCCAAACAAGCCAAGTGAAGAGGAGTATCAAAGAAGGCTCAGGGAGAGCTACACAGGTGGATTCGTTAAAGAGCCAGAAAAGGGGTTGTGGGAAAACATAGTATACCTAGATTTTAGAGCCCTATATCCCTCGATTATAATTACCCACAATGTTTCTCCCGATACTCTAAATCTTGAGGGATGCAAGAACTATGATATCGCTCCTCAAGTAGGCCACAAGTTCTGCAAGGACATCCCTGGTTTTATACCAAGTCTCTTGGGACATTTGTTAGAGGAAAGACAAAAGATTAAGACAAAAATGAAGGAAACTCAAGATCCTATAGAAAAAATACTCCTTGACTATAGACAAAAAGCGATAAAACTCTTAGCAAATTCTTTCTACGGATATTATGGCTATGCAAAAGCAAGATGGTACTGTAAGGAGTGTGCTGAGAGCGTTACTGCCTGGGGAAGAAAGTACATCGAGTTAGTATGGAAGGAGCTCGAAGAAAAGTTTGGATTTAAAGTCCTCTACATTGACACTGATGGTCTCTATGCAACTATCCCAGGAGGAGAAAGTGAGGAAATAAAGAAAAAGGCTCTAGAATTTGTAAAATACATAAATTCAAAGCTCCCTGGACTGCTAGAGCTTGAATATGAAGGGTTTTATAAGAGGGGATTCTTCGTTACGAAGAAGAGGTATGCAGTAATAGATGAAGAAGGAAAAGTCATTACTCGTGGTTTAGAGATAGTTAGGAGAGATTGGAGTGAAATTGCAAAAGAAACTCAAGCTAGAGTTTTGGAGACAATACTAAAACACGGAGATGTTGAAGAAGCTGTGAGAATAGTAAAAGAAGTAATACAAAAGCTTGCCAATTATGAAATTCCACCAGAGAAGCTCGCAATATATGAGCAGATAACAAGACCATTACATGAGTATAAGGCGATAGGTCCTCACGTAGCTGTTGCAAAGAAACTAGCTGCTAAAGGAGTTAAAATAAAGCCAGGAATGGTAATTGGATACATAGTACTTAGAGGCGATGGTCCAATTAGCAATAGGGCAATTCTAGCTGAGGAATACGATCCCAAAAAGCACAAGTATGACGCAGAATATTACATTGAGAACCAGGTTCTTCCAGCGGTACTTAGGATATTGGAGGGATTTGGATACAGAAAGGAAGACCTCAGATACCAAAAGACAAGACAAGTCGGCCTAACTTCCTGGCTTAACATTAAAAAATCCGGTACCGGCGGTGGCGGTGCAACCGTAAAGTTCAAGTACAAAGGCGAAGAAAAAGAGGTAGACATCTCCAAGATCAAGAAAGTATGGCGTGTGGGCAAGATGATCTCCTTCACCTACGACGAGGGCGGTGGCAAGACCGGCCGTGGTGCGGTAAGCGAAAAGGACGCGCCGAAGGAGCTGCTGCAGATGCTGGAGAAGCAGAAAAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 8 The amino acid sequenceof the Pfu-Sso7d fusion proteinMILDVDYITEEGKPVIRLFKKENGKFKIEHDRTFRPYIYALLRDDSKIEEVKKITGERHGKIVRIVDVEKVEKKFLGKPITVWKLYLEHPQDVPTIREKVREHPAVVDIFEYDIPFAKRYLIDKGLIPMEGEEELKILAFDIETLYHEGEEFGKGPIIMISYADENEAKVITWKNIDLPYVEVVSSEREMIKRFLRIIREKDPDIIVTYNGDSFDFPYLAKRAEKLGIKLTIGRDGSEPKMQRIGDMTAVEVKGRIHFDLYHVITRTINLPTYTLEAVYEAIFGKPKEKVYADEIAKAWESGENLERVAKYSMEDAKATYELGKEFLPMEIQLSRLVGQPLWDVSRSSTGNLVEWFLLRKAYERNEVAPNKPSEEEYQRRLRESYTGGFVKEPEKGLWENIVYLDFRALYPSIIITHNVSPDTLNLEGCKNYDIAPQVGHKFCKDIPGFIPSLLGHLLEERQKIKTKMKETQDPIEKILLDYRQKAIKLLANSFYGYYGYAKARWYCKECAESVTAWGRKYIELVWKELEEKFGFKVLYIDTDGLYATIPGGESEEIKKKALEFVKYINSKLPGLLELEYEGFYKRGFFVTKKRYAVIDEEGKVITRGLEIVRRDWSEIAKETQARVLETILKHGDVEEAVRIVKEVIQKLANYEIPPEKLAIYEQITRPLHEYKAIGPHVAVAKKLAAKGVKIKPGMVIGYIVLRGDGPISNRAILAEEYDPKKHKYDAEYYIENQVLPAVLRILEGFGYRKEDLRYQKTRQVGLTSWLNIKKSGTGGGGATVKFKYKGEEKEVDISKIKKVWRVGKMISFTYDEGGGKTGRGAVSEKDAPKELLQMLEKQKK SEQ ID NO: 9 The DNAsequence encoding the Sac7d-ΔTaq fusion proteinATGATTACGAATTCGACGGTGAAGGTAAAGTTCAAGTATAAGGGTGAAGAGAAAGAAGTAGACACTTCAAAGATAAAGAAGGTTTGGAGAGTAGGCAAAATGGTGTCCTTTACCTATGACGACAATGGTAAGACAGGTAGAGGAGCTGTAAGCGAGAAAGATGCTCCAAAAGAATTATTAGACATGTTAGCAAGAGCAGAAAGAGAGAAGAAAGGCGGCGGTGTCACTAGTCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGGCCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCCGATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTATAAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTGGCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTCCTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACGGAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGGCTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCTGTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTGTCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGAGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGCCACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGGCTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTGGAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACCAAGCTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGCCTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCCAACCTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATCGCCGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTGGCCCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCACACGGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGCCGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCCCAGGAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGCTTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTACGTGGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGTGCGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCTCATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATGCTCCTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTGGCCCGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGGGCATTGATGGCCGCGGCGGAGGCGGGCATCATCATCATCATCA TTAA SEQ ID NO: 10The amino acid sequence of the Sac7d-ΔTaq fusion proteinMITNSTVKVKFKYKGEEKEVDTSKIKKVWRVGKMVSFTYDDNGKTGRGAVSEKDAPKELLDMLARAEREKKGGGVTSPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVGFVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELTKLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKEGIDGRGGGGHHHHHH SEQ ID NO: 11 The DNA sequenceencoding the PL-ΔTaq fusion proteinATGATTACGAATTCGAAGAAAAAGAAAAAGAAAAAGCGTAAGAAACGCAAAAAGAAAAAGAAAGGCGGCGGTGTCACTAGTGGCGCAACCGTAAAGTTCAAGTACAAAGGCGAAGAAAAAGAGGTAGACATCTCCAAGATCAAGAAAGTATGGCGTGTGGGCAAGATGATCTCCTTCACCTACGACGAGGGCGGTGGCAAGACCGGCCGTGGTGCGGTAAGCGAAAAGGACGCGCCGAAGGAGCTGCTGCAGATGCTGGAGAAGCAGAAAAAGGGCGGCGGTGTCACCAGTCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGGCCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCCGATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTATAAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTGGCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTCCTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACGGAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGGCTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCTGTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTGTCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGAGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGCCACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGGCTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTGGAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACCAAGCTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGCCTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCCAACCTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATCGCCGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTGGCCCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCACACGGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGCCGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCCCAGGAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGCTTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTACGTGGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGTGCGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCTCATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATGCTCCTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTGGCCCGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGGGCATTGATGGCCGCGGCGGAGGCGGGCATCAT CATCATCATCATTAA SEQID NO: 12 The amino acid sequence of PL-ΔTaq fusion proteinMITNSKKKKKKKRKKRKKKKKGGGVTSGATVKFKYKGEEKEVDISKIKKVWRVGKMISFTYDEGGGKTGRGAVSEKDAPKELLQMLEKQKKGGGVTSPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVGFVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELTKLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKEGIDGRGGGGHH HHHH

1.-8. (canceled)
 9. A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising twojoined heterologous domains: a sequence non-specific double-strandednucleic acid binding domain that comprises an amino acid sequence thathas at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2; or that comprises anamino acid sequence that has at least 75% sequence identity to the Sac7dsequence set forth in amino acids 7-71 of SEQ ID NO:10; and a DNApolymerase domain; wherein the presence of the sequence non-specificdouble-stranded nucleic acid binding domain enhances the processivity ofthe polymerase domain compared to an identical polymerase domain thatdoes not have the sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acidbinding domain joined thereto.
 10. The nucleic acid of claim 9, whereinthe sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domaincomprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 75% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO:2.
 11. The nucleic acid of claim 10, wherein the sequencenon-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain comprises anamino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:2.
 12. The nucleic acid of claim 11, wherein the sequencenon-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain comprises theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 13. The nucleic acid of claim 10,wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid bindingdomain and the DNA polymerase domain are covalently linked.
 14. Thenucleic acid of claim 10, wherein the DNA polymerase domain hasthermally stable polymerase activity.
 15. The nucleic acid of claim 10,wherein the DNA polymerase domain is a family A polymerase domain. 16.The nucleic acid of claim 14, wherein DNA polymerase domain is a Thermuspolymerase domain.
 17. The nucleic acid of claim 14, wherein the DNApolymerase domain is a ΔTaq polymerase domain.
 18. The nucleic acid ofclaim 14, wherein the DNA polymerase domain is a ΔTaq polymerase domain.19. The nucleic acid of claim 10, wherein the DNA polymerase domain is afamily B polymerase domain.
 20. The nucleic acid of claim 14, whereinthe DNA polymerase domain is a Pyrococcus DNA polymerase domain.
 21. Thenucleic acid of claim 14, wherein the DNA polymerase domain is aPyrococcus furiosus polymerase domain.
 22. The nucleic acid of claim 9,wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid bindingdomain comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 75% sequenceidentity to the Sac7d sequence set forth in amino acids 7-71 of SEQ IDNO:10.
 23. The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein the sequencenon-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain comprises anamino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to the Sac7d sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10.
 24. The nucleic acid of claim 22,wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid bindingdomain comprises the amino acid sequence of the Sac 7d sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:10.
 25. The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein thesequence non-specific double-stranded nucleic acid binding domain andthe DNA polymerase domain are covalently linked.
 26. The nucleic acid ofclaim 22, wherein the DNA polymerase domain has thermally stablepolymerase activity.
 27. The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein the DNApolymerase domain is a family A polymerase domain.
 28. The nucleic acidof claim 26, wherein the DNA polymerase domain is a Thermus polymerasedomain.
 29. The nucleic acid of claim 26, wherein the DNA polymerasedomain is a Taq polymerase domain.
 30. The nucleic acid of claim 26,wherein the DNA polymerase domain is a ΔTaq domain.
 31. The nucleic acidof claim 22, wherein the DNA polymerase domain is a family B polymerasedomain.
 32. The nucleic acid of claim 26, wherein the DNA polymerasedomain is a Pyrococcus domain.
 33. The nucleic acid of claim 26, whereinthe DNA polymerase domain is a Pyrococcus furiosus domain.
 34. Anexpression vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim
 9. 35. A host cellcomprising a nucleic acid of claim
 9. 36. A method of producing apolypeptide comprising two joined heterologous domains, wherein themethod comprises culturing a host cell of claim 35 under conditions inwhich the polypeptide comprising the two joined heterologous domains isexpressed.
 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising purifying thepolypeptide produced by the host cell.